What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Who is at Risk?

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a very common condition in which the upper airway gets obstructed by relaxed soft structures during sleep. This obstruction leads to inadequate air exchange in the lungs, increased diaphragm and chest wall muscle contractions as efforts to relieve the obstruction occur. In addition, OSA is characterized by poor sleep quality due to multiple brief periods of waking up during the night as the body moves and loud gasps happen. Finally, due the the poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness is a feature of this condition, with all the problems this entrails.

There are certain groups of people who are at risk of having OSA. Obese or overweight individuals, patients with enlarged tonsils or large tongues, people with a thick or large neck or individuals who have upper airways with small diameters. The formal diagnosis of OSA is made with an overnight sleep study, however it can be strongly suspected if a person has daytime sleepiness, snores loudly and if there are visible episodes of “not breathing” (apnea) during sleep.

OSA can lead to elevated blood pressure, problems with attention and concentration, daytime sleepiness, irritability, and headaches. Treatment includes the avoidance of alcohol, sleeping on a side, use of a continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) device, surgery to remove extra tissue, and the use of an implantable upper airway stimulator. A primary physician will be able to refer someone who may have this condition to a local sleep specialist.

Marco A. Ramos MD

Tips For Great Clinical Documentation Part 4

In the previous post of the series, I highlighted the importance of being consistent when documenting, as the days pass and as the patient’s situation changes. In this post, I am going to mention how creating templates can help and how and why to avoid medical record cloning

Create templates, but avoid medical record cloning.

When providers see patients and document, a sequence of actions occurs that does not vary patient to patient. First the provider sees the record, the new laboratory workup, the past history, then, he or she sees the patient and finally the creation of a new note takes place. This last step also has its own sequence because all different types of notes have defined sections that have to be present for all cases. Creating templates for documentation helps with not forgetting to include the necessary elements of the history and physical, progress note, consultation, discharge summary, postoperative note, etc. In addition to that, a template can make the provider remember to include always certain aspects that may be missed, like a nutritional assessment, for example.

One of the abilities of  electronic health record systems is the ability of being able to import parts of a previous record into a new note. Some information may change little on a day to day basis. The ability of “cut and paste” can lead to medical record cloning if appropriate measures are not taken. Medical record cloning can lead to fraud, in the sense that a chart may contain information that may not represent exactly what happens to the patient in a particular day and and the same time lead to inaccurate billing. In order to avoid medical record cloning physicians using the “cut and paste” technique must make sure that the note is unique for the day, that it reflects what happened in that particular day and that billing is consistent with the content of the note.

Marco A. Ramos MD

Second Medical Opinions PLC

Physician Advisor in Clinical Documentation Improvement

Who is Obese? 5 Dangers of Obesity

The healthcare community has defined obesity as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. The BMI is the ratio between the weight of a person (in kilograms) and the square of the height (in meters). There are many calculators online that can calculate the BMI using pounds and feet/inches. This is a very inexact way of classifying overweight people because there could be very muscular people that could be obese according to this definition. In addition, it may cause shorter people to be overrepresented in the obese population.  In spite of this, the BMI provides an easy way of classifying people according to weight that can lead to meaningful research and can serve as an effective screening tool.

There are many dangers that originate from being obese. I will list here the five most relevant ones

1. Diabetes mellitus. Having excessive adipose tissue causes insulin resistance and some obese people may become diabetic because of this.

2. Hypertension. Obesity is associated with hormonal variations that may lead to salt and water retention and constriction of small arteries. These changes can elevate the blood pressure.

3. Sleep apnea.  This condition is related to obesity. It causes the breathing to stop many times during the night causing problems with oxygenation and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

4. Osteoarthrosis. The extra weight that the obese person has to carry has an impact on the hip and knee joints. This may lead to incapacitating pain and joint replacement surgeries.

5. Cancer. Breast, colon, gallbladder and endometrial malignancies are more common in overweight individuals than in people with normal weight

Diabetes and hypertension are  significant risk factors for coronary artery disease and stroke. Sleep apnea is directly related to hypertension. This means that obesity may impair a person’s health in multiple ways.

Marco A. Ramos MD

Tips for Great Clinical Documentation Part 3

In the previous post of the series, I outlined the importance of using the terms “probable”, “possible”, “likely” and “not ruled out” when documenting in a medical chart. In this post I am going to highlight the importance of being consistent with the diagnoses throughout the duration of the record.

Be consistent with diagnoses throughout the record.

In clinical practice, a provider, as seen in the previous post, can make decisions and place orders based on a probable diagnosis. As the days pass and more clinical data is available, most of those diagnoses will be clarified and the decision-making might change or remain the same. For this reason, it is important to document what happened with the initial “probable” diagnosis. The use of the term “ruled out” is very useful because it tells the coder that what we initially thought was probable, it is not a possibility anymore. In a case of “probable pneumonia” in the first day, the record may read on the second day: “Pneumonia was ruled out”. This implies that antibiotics are not being used anymore, so the chart would reflect proper allocation of resources.

The other situation that needs to be taken into account is the one that results from the resolution of a problem. This is particularly important in prolonged hospitalizations, when problems that were there originally, end up being resolved. It is good practice to carry the diagnosis in the assessment section and document “resolved”. This has the added benefit of letting providers that  arrive later in the picture, that a patient had a problem and it is not present anymore. With respect to the allocation of resources, it is different to document “resolved” that to document “ruled out”. “Resolved” means that the problem was there and was corrected using the treatments ordered by the provided. “Ruled out” means that the problem was never there and any continued use of resources is not justified. A document may read like this: “Hyponatremia. Present on admission, resolved.”

Marco A. Ramos MD

Second Medical Opinions PLC

Physician Advisor in Clinical Documentation

5 Facts Everyone Needs to Know About Factor V Leiden

Here are 5 facts that everyone needs to know regarding a common condition that predisposes to potentially deadly clot formation, either deep vein thrombosis (leg clots) or pulmonary embolism (lung clots).

1. Factor V Leiden (FVL) is a mutated Factor V, one of the factors essential to form a clot. The mutated factor, once activated, is more difficult to clear by the body, being this the reason why people with this mutation may form clots easier than people who do not have it.

2. About 5% of Caucasians have at least one copy of FVL (of 2 possible from mother and father). It is rare in other ethnicities. 0.02% of Caucasians have the two mutated copies.

3. A person with one copy of FVL has a 4 to 8 times increased chanced of developing a clot. A person with 2 copies has up to 80 times increased risk of developing a clot. Someone with a normal Factor V has a chance of developing a clot of 1 in 1000 in 1 year. This means that an individual with one copy of FVL can have a 4-8 in 1000 (0.4-0.8%) chances to develop a clot in a year and an individual with the 2 copies can have a risk of 8% per year to develop a clot.

4. Smoking, estrogen therapy, pregnancy and recent surgery are situations known to increase the chance of blood clots in any person, however the effects can be more pronounced in people with FVL

5. If a person with FVL develops a second clot, he or she is a candidate for lifelong anticoagulation (blood thinning) therapy.

References

1. Learning About Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia. Retrieved on August 28, 2016 from https://www.genome.gov/15015167/

Marco A. Ramos MD

Tips for Great Clinical Documentation Part 2.

In the previous post of the series, I outlined the importance of being specific when documenting in a medical chart. In this post I am going to stress the importance of documenting uncertainty and how to use it to reflect decision making by a physician or advanced practice provider.

Terms like probable, possible, likely or “not ruled out” are acceptable

Many decisions that providers make when practicing medicine are not the direct result of knowing a diagnosis, but a logical decision based on a probability. A typical example of this is the treatment for “healthcare associated pneumonia” (HAP). First of all, just documenting HAP is not  enough for a coder. Here, the provider has to be specific, stating what is he or she treating. The problem arises when the specific bacteria that is causing the HAP is not known. A way to deal with this is to use the following rationale: It is known that is is highly likely that HAP could be caused by pseudomonas because of the exposures these kind of patients have had. For this reason, the provider can cover for that pathogen based on a high probability, not on a certainty.

The documentation may read as follows: “Healthcare Associated Pneumonia. Probable Pseudomonas. Covered with cefepime.” By documenting like this, the provider was specific, showed the seriousness of the condition and justified a use of resource based on a probability.

Marco A. Ramos MD

Second Medical Opinions PLC

Physician Advisor in Clinical Documentation

3 Macrovascular Risks of Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (either type 1 or type 2) is associated with several complications caused by the chronic damage that excess glucose causes to the tissues of the body. The vascular tissue, is particularly sensitive and leads to the damage of organs as we are going to see.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Diabetics have a higher rate of heart attacks than the general population. Excess glucose over many years contribute to the generation of atherosclerosis and the formation of plaques in the coronary arteries that will eventually be the cause of the heart attacks. Heart attacks, are also the main cause for heart failure and sudden death.

Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD). A similar problem in the vascular system of the brain is responsible for the appearance of more strokes in diabetics than in the general public. In this case, the atherosclerosis and the plaques are formed in the carotid arteries and the arteries of the brain. Debilitating strokes, and dementia are the main consequences.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). If the atherosclerosis and plaque formation happens in the arteries of the lower extremities, the consequence may be the amputation of different parts of the leg. These can range from losing toes to the loss of an entire limb. It is well known that diabetics have a higher incidence of amputations than non-diabetics

Strict control of the blood sugar is the mainstay of the prevention of these complications. To get to the point of a heart attack, a stroke or an amputation, decades of elevated blood sugar have to be present. In addition, other factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, or genetic predisposition can speed up the process of atherosclerosis. There are many options to control the blood sugar, including many pharmacologic measures such as oral medications and injectables such as insulin and non-pharmacological measures such as diet and exercise.

Marco A. Ramos MD